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| Alcuin |
Alcuin of York was an educator, poet, theologian, liturgical reformer, and an important adviser and friend of Charlemagne (c. 742–814 c.e.). He was a major contributor to the Carolingian Renaissance, a ninth century c.e. intellectual revival within Charlemagne’s domains that shaped the subsequent history of education, religion, and politics in the Middle Ages.
Alcuin was born in Northumbria, England, around 735 c.e. and educated at the cathedral school at York under its master, Aelbert. In 778 c.e. Alcuin became the librarian and master of the cathedral school at York, where his talent for teaching soon attracted students from other lands.
Three years later, while in Parma (Italy), Alcuin met Charlemagne, who invited him to join his court. Excepting two journeys to his native England (in 786 and 790–793 c.e.), Alcuin lived and worked in the Frankish court from 782 c.e. until he retired in 796 c.e. to the abbey of St. Martin at Tours, where he was abbot until his death in 804 c.e.
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Although Alcuin never advanced beyond the clerical office of deacon, by the late 780s c.e. his aptitude as a teacher and his influence on royal administrative texts distinguished him among the clerics and scholars of the Carolingian court.
One of Alcuin’s most significant (and original) contributions to medieval education lies in his mastery of the seven liberal arts and his composition of textbooks on grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic (the traditional arts of the trivium).
Alcuin’s literary output also includes commentaries on biblical books, a major work on the Trinity, and three treatises against the Adoptionism of his contemporaries Felix of Urgel and Elipandus of Toledo. Adoptionism was the heretical belief that Christ was not the eternal Son of God by nature but rather merely by adoption. Alcuin also composed a number of poems and “lives” of saints.
Alcuin contributed to the Carolingian Renaissance most directly as a liturgical reformer and editor of sacred texts. The various reforms that Alcuin introduced into liturgical books (books used in formal worship services) in the Frankish Empire culminated in his edition of a lectionary (a book containing the extracts from Scripture appointed to be read throughout the year), and particularly in his revision of what is known as the Gregorian Sacramentary (the book, traditionally ascribed to Pope Gregory I, used by the celebrant at Mass in the Western Church until the 13th century c.e. that contained the standard prayers for use throughout the year).
In addition to revising liturgical texts Alcuin edited Jerome’s Vulgate in response to Charlemagne’s request for a standardized Latin text of the Bible. His edition of the Vulgate was presented to Charlemagne on Christmas Day, 800 c.e., the very day on which the Frankish king became emperor.
As abbot of St. Martin’s, Alcuin supervised the production of several pandects or complete editions of the Bible. Alcuin’s preference for the Vulgate likely contributed to its final acceptance as the authoritative text of Scripture in the medieval West. Alcuin died at Tours on May 19, 804 c.e., and his feast day continues to be celebrated on May 19.